POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY,
1800-1994 6695JAGGERS, KEITHGURR, TED ROBERTINTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND
SOCIAL RESEARCHCOPYRIGHT ICPSR, 2000JUNE 10, 2000ANN ARBOR, MI: INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM
FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCHSOFTQUAD XMETAL
NATIONAL SCIENCE
FOUNDATIONSBR-9617813INTER-UNIVERSITY
CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCHJUNE 10, 2000ICPSR XML VERSIONSANDA IONESCUJaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY
III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 [Codebook file]. ICPSR
XML version. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and
Social Research [producer and distributor], 2000. POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY,
1800-1994 6695JAGGERS, KEITHGURR, TED ROBERT
Michael D. Ward
Kristian S. Gleditsch
KEITH JAGGERSTED ROBERT GURR1995BOULDER, CO.: DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDERCOLLEGE PARK, MD.: CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLANDINTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM
FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH SEPTEMBER 1996Second ICPSR Version
INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
RESEARCHJaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY
III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 [Computer file]. 2nd
ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr
[producers], 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and
Social Research [distributor], 1996. POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY,
1800-1994 6695JAGGERS, KEITHGURR, TED ROBERT
Michael D. Ward
Kristian S. Gleditsch
KEITH JAGGERSTED ROBERT GURR1995BOULDER, CO.: DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDERCOLLEGE PARK, MD.: CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLANDINTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM
FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH SEPTEMBER 1996Second ICPSR Version
INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
RESEARCHJaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY
III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 [Computer file]. 2nd
ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr
[producers], 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and
Social Research [distributor], 1996. XVI. SOCIAL
INDICATORSB. NATIONS
OTHER THAN THE UNITED STATESThis dataset, a modified and updated version
of POLITY II: POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND REGIME CHANGE, 1800-1986 (ICPSR 9263),
focuses on indicators of political authority and regime type for 177 members of
the international system. Variables include two indicators of regime type
(autocracy and democracy) and eight indicators of political authority
(regulation of executive recruitment, competitiveness of executive recruitment,
openness of executive recruitment, monocratism, constraints on the chief
executive, regulation of political participation, competitiveness of political
participation, and centralization of state authority). OVERVIEW OF DATASET: The Polity III dataset is a modified and
updated version of the widely used Polity II dataset (ICPSR89). Polity III
updates and, in some instances, alters the Polity II data (on the modifications
see JPR95). Included in the Polity III time-series
dataset are two indicators of regime type (Autocracy and Democracy) and eight
indicators of political authority (Regulation of Executive Recruitment,
Competitiveness of Executive Recruitment, Openness of Executive Recruitment,
Monocratism, Constraints on Chief Executive, Regulation of Political
Participation, Competitiveness of Political Participation, and Centralization
of State Authority). For detailed descriptions of the variables, coding
categories, and coding procedures see ICPSR89. Not
included in this version of the Polity data are the Scope, State Power,
Coherence, and Institutional Persistence variables. Information on "polity"
change, formation and termination are also not included. The Polity II dataset
includes these variables through 1986. 180019941994199520 historical countries and 157
contemporary countries encompassing all independent members of the
international system with populations greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s.
NATIONnationAnnual observations from 1800 to 1994 of 20
historical countries and 157 contemporary countries encompassing all
independent members of the international system with populations of greater
than 500,000 in the early 1990s. aggregate dataSPATIAL-TEMPORAL DOMAIN: The Polity III dataset
includes all independent members of the international system with populations
greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s. Authority characteristics and regime
type data are coded annually beginning in 1800, for states that were then
independent, or from the year in which the state first gained effective
autonomy. Data for all variables is reported through 1994, or the year in which
the state ceased to be part of the international state system. The Polity III
dataset includes 157 contemporary states. time seriesThis is a cleaned version of the Polity III data. The May
1996 Version: Using the criteria procedures as laid out in the POLITY II
codebook (Gurr et al. 1989) for computing the institutionalized democracy and
autocracy scores from the authority characteristics, it was found that several
entries in the Dec. 1995 version of the POLITY III data appeared to have been
miscoded. The new recoded data were generated by an S program implementing the
coding procedures. The program and the corrections were reviewed with the
principal POLITY III coder, Keith Jaggers, who verified the procedures
implemented and the accuracy of the corrections. Here is a list of the major
differences. 1) The most dramatic difference in terms of magnitude is that the
democracy and autocracy scores were transposed for Russia in 1989. The
democracy score should be 1 and the autocracy score should be 5 for this year,
but were reversed in the old version of the data. These scores have been
reorganized in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. 2) 1484 cases out
of the total of 13907 entries in the POLITY III data had been assigned a
democracy score that differed by -1 from what the correct values should be
according to the coding rules. Of these, 1170 were in the nineteenth century.
All the entries in the twentieth century were prior to 1945. The countries that
had been coded with incorrect democracy scores include Afghanistan (1894-1934),
Austria (1848-1917), Baden (1841-47), Belgium (1932-51), Brazil (1824-88),
Bulgaria (1883-85), China (1800-1910), Denmark (1849-1900), Egypt (1923-45),
France (1814-47), Germany/Prussia (1878-1917), Hungary (1867-1917), Iran
(1941-45), Iraq (1924-45), Italy (1861-21), Japan (1868-1944), Korea
(1880-1910), Luxembourg (1867-89), Morocco (1880-1911), Nepal (1800-45), Norway
(1873-97), Netherlands (1815-1916), Portugal (1834-1909), Rumania (1910-39),
Russia (1906-16), Spain (1820-72), Sweden (1855-1906), Turkey (1876, 1908-18),
United Kingdom (1800-36), Wurttemburg (1819-71), Yugoslavia (1921-28, 193940).
These are corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. 3) 35 cases
were coded incorrectly for the autocracy scores. Mexico had been assigned an
incorrect autocracy of 4 instead of 2 for 1822-33; Guatemala had been
misclassified between with 4 instead of 5 in 1963-65; Panama was assigned 7 and
should have had 8 for 1988-89; Argentina, which should have had 6 instead of 7
1825-28; and Lesotho, which should have had 7 rather than eight 1973-85. These
are corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. June 1996
Version: Additionally, a duplicate entry and two ommissions were discovered in
June 1996. The year 1876 was entered twice for South Korea (case 7301876), and
1858 for the Orange Free State (case 5641858) and 1922 for Egypt (case 6511922)
were missing. The extra South Korea case has been deleted and the missing
observations filled in with the appropriate observations. Previous versions of
Polity III cited 13,907 as the total number of cases; this is now 13,908
observations. Ann Arbor, MI:
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research 1 data file + machine-readable documentation + SPSS export
file3 filesPublications based on ICPSR data collections
should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure
that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic
utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of
publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Jaggers,
Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY,
1800-1994 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith
Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr [producers], 1995. Ann Arbor, MI:
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor],
1996. To provide funding agencies with essential
information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of
information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data
are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed
manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data
were used. The original collector of the data, ICPSR,
and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this
collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
ICPSR89: Gurr, Ted R.; Keith Jaggers and Will H.
Moore, 1989. The POLITY II Codebook. University of Colorado at Boulder, Center
for Comparative Politics. Available from the Inter-University Consortium for
Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Ann Arbor, Mich. JPR95: Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, 1995.
"Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE
RESEARCH 32, 4 (1995), 469-482. SCID90: Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will
Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy,
Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108. APSR74: Gurr, Ted Robert, 1974. "Persistence and
Change in Political Systems, 1800-1971." AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW 68
(4), 1482-1504.POLITY III13,9081460113,908RAW DATA (ASCII)LOGICAL RECORD LENGTH (BLANK DELIMITED)CHECKS FOR UNDOCUMENTED CODES PERFORMED BY
ICPSRMISSING DATA CODES STANDARDIZED BY DATA
PRODUCER / PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORCOUNTRY CODE YEAR[CATEGORY VALUES COMBINE NUMERIC COUNTRY CODES FROM V2 WITH YEAR
(V4)]COUNTRY CODE NUMBERWESTERN HEMISPHEREEUROPEAFRICAMIDDLE EASTASIAOCEANIA002UNITED STATES OF AMERICA020CANADA040CUBA041HAITI042DOMINICAN REPUBLIC051JAMAICA052TRINIDAD070MEXICO089UNITED PROVINCE OF CENTRAL AMERICA090GUATEMALA091HONDURAS092EL SALVADOR093NICARAGUA094COSTA RICA095PANAMA099GRAN COLOMBIA100COLUMBIA101VENEZUELA110GUYANA130ECUADOR135PERU140BRAZIL145BOLIVIA150PARAGUAY155CHILE160ARGENTINA165URUGUAY200UNITED KINGDOM205IRELAND210NETHERLANDS211BELGIUM212LUXEMBOURG220FRANCE225SWITZERLAND230SPAIN235PORTUGAL245BAVARIA255GERMANY / PRUSSIA260(WEST) GERMANY265GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC267BADEN269SAXONY271WUERTTEMBRUG290POLAND305AUSTRIA310HUNGARY315CZECHOSLOVAKIA316CZECH REPUBLIC317SLOVAKIA324SARDINIA325ITALY / SARDINIA327PAPAL STATES329TWO SICILIES332MODENA335PARMA337TUSCANY339ALBANIA343MACEDONIA344CROATIA345YUGOSLAVIA / SERBIA346BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA349SLOVENIA350GREECE 352CYPRUS355BULGARIA359MOLDOVA360RUMANIA365RUSSIA (USSR)366ESTONIA367LATVIA368LITHUANIA369UKRAINE370BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA)371ARMENIA372GEORGIA373AZERBAIJAN375FINLAND380SWEDEN385NORWAY390DENMARK395ICELAND404GUINEA-BISSAU420GAMBIA432MALI433SENEGAL434BENIN / DAHOMEY435MAURITANIA436NIGER437IVORY COAST438GUINEA439BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA)450LIBERIA4511SIERRA LEONE452GHANA461TOGO471CAMEROUN475NIGERIA481GABON482CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC483CHAD484CONGO490ZAIRE 500UGANDA501KENYA510TANZANIA / TANGANYIKA516BURUNDI517RWANDA520SOMALIA530ETHIOPIA540ANGOLA541MOZAMBIQUE551ZAMBIA522ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA)553MALAWI560SOUTH AFRICA564ORANGE FREE STATE565NAMIBIA570LESOTHO571BOTSWANA572SWAZILAND580MADAGASCAR (MALAGASY)581COMOROS590MAURITIUS600MOROCCO615ALGERIA616TUNISIA620LIBYA625SUDAN630IRAN640TURKEY (AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE)645IRAQ651EGYPT652SYRIA660LEBANON663JORDAN666ISRAEL670SAUDI ARABIA678YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC679YEMEN680YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC690KUWAIT 692BAHRAIN696UNITED ARAB EMIRATES698OMAN700AFGHANISTAN701TURKMENISTAN702TAJIKISTAN703KYRGYZSTAN704UZBEKISTAN705KAZAKHSTAN710CHINA712MONGOLIA713TAIWAN730KOREA731DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA732REPUBLIC OF KOREA740JAPAN750INDIA760BHUTAN770PAKISTAN771BANGLADESH775MYANMAR (BURMA)780SRI LANKA (CEYLON)790NEPAL800THAILAND811CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA)812LAOS816DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM817REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM820MALAYSIA830SINGAPORE840PHILIPPINES850INDONESIA900AUSTRALIA910PAPUA NEW GUINEA920NEW ZEALAND950FIJICOUNTRY NAMEWESTERN HEMISPHEREEUROPEAFRICAMIDDLE EASTASIAOCEANIAUSAUNITED STATES OF AMERICACANCANADACUBCUBAHAIHAITIDOMDOMINICAN REPUBLICJAMJAMAICATRITRINIDADMEXMEXICOUPCUNITED PROVINCE OF CENTRAL AMERICAGUAGUATEMALAHONHONDURASSALEL SALVADORNICNICARAGUACOSCOSTA RICAPANPANAMAGCLGRAN COLOMBIACOLCOLUMBIAVENVENEZUELAGUYGUYANAECUECUADORPERPERUBRABRAZILBOLBOLIVIAPARPARAGUAYCHLCHILEARGARGENTINAURUURUGUAYUKUNITED KINGDOMIREIRELANDNTHNETHERLANDSBELBELGIUMLCULUXEMBOURGFRNFRANCESWZSWITZERLANDSPNSPAIN[PRPORTUGALBAVBAVARIAGMYGERMANY / PRUSSIAGFR(WEST) GERMANYGDRGERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICBADBADENSAXSAXONYWRTWUERTTEMBRUGPOLPOLANDAUSAUSTRIAHUNHUNGARYCZECZECHOSLOVAKIACZRCZECH REPUBLICSLOSLOVAKIASARSARDINIAITAITALY / SARDINIAPAPPAPAL STATESSICTWO SICILIESMODMODENAPMAPARMATUSTUSCANYALBALBANIAMACMACEDONIACROCROATIAYUGYUGOSLAVIA / SERBIABOSBOSNIA HERZEGOVINASLVSLOVENIAGRCGREECE CYPCYPRUSBULBULGARIAMLDMOLDOVARUMRUMANIARUSRUSSIA (USSR)ESTESTONIALATLATVIALITLITHUANIAUKRUKRAINEBLRBELARUS (BYELORUSSIA)ARMARMENIAGRGGEORGIAAZEAZERBAIJANFINFINLANDSWDSWEDENNORNORWAYDENDENMARKICEICELANDGNBGUINEA-BISSAUGAMGAMBIAMLIMALISENSENEGALBENBENIN / DAHOMEYMAAMAURITANIANIRNIGERIVOIVORY COASTGUIGUINEABFOBURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA)LBRLIBERIASIESIERRA LEONEGHAGHANATOGTOGOCAOCAMEROUNNIGNIGERIAGABGABONCENCENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLICCHACHADCONCONGOZAIZAIRE UGAUGANDAKENKENYATAZTANZANIA / TANGANYIKABUIBURUNDIRWARWANDASOMSOMALIAETHETHIOPIAANGANGOLAMZMMOZAMBIQUEZAMZAMBIAZIMZIMBABWE (RHODESIA)MAWMALAWISAFSOUTH AFRICAOFSORANGE FREE STATENAMNAMIBIALESLESOTHOBOTBOTSWANASWASWAZILANDMAGMADAGASCAR (MALAGASY)COMCOMOROSMASMAURITIUSMORMOROCCOALGALGERIATUNTUNISIALIBLIBYASUDSUDANIRNIRANTURTURKEY (AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE)IRQIRAQEGYEGYPTSYRSYRIALEBLEBANONJORJORDANISRISRAELSAUSAUDI ARABIAYARYEMEN ARAB REPUBLICYEMYEMENYPRYEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLICKUWKUWAIT BAHBAHRAINUAEUNITED ARAB EMIRATESOMAOMANAFGAFGHANISTANTKMTURKMENISTANTAJTAJIKISTANKYRKYRGYZSTANUZBUZBEKISTANKZKKAZAKHSTANCHNCHINAMONMONGOLIATAWTAIWANKORKOREAPRKDEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREAROKREPUBLIC OF KOREAJPNJAPANINDINDIABHUBHUTANPAKPAKISTANBNGBANGLADESHMYAMYANMAR (BURMA)SRISRI LANKA (CEYLON)NEPNEPALTHITHAILANDCAMCAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA)LAOLAOSDRVDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAMRVNREPUBLIC OF VIETNAMMALMALAYSIASINSINGAPOREPHIPHILIPPINESINSINDONESIAAULAUSTRALIAPNGPAPUA NEW GUINEANEWNEW ZEALANDFJIFIJIYEARAUTOCRACY SCORE0LOW AUTOCRACY12345678910HIGH AUTOCRACY-66INTERRUPTION** Country occupied by foreign powers
during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war
political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic,
religious, or regional federations. -77INTERREGNUM** Collapse of central political
authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers
during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political
structures. -88TRANSITION** Period during which new institutions
are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi-
democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a
procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda. -99INFORMATION UNKNOWN For more information see SCID90 (pp.84-85)
and JPR95 (pp.471-472).DEMOCRACY SCORE0LOW DEMOCRACY12345678910HIGH DEMOCRACY-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (pp.83-84)
and JPR95 (pp.471-472). EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT REGULATIONInstitutionalized procedures regarding the transfer of
executive power1UNREGULATED2DESIGNATION / TRANSITIONAL3REGULATED-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (p.81). EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT COMPETITIONExtent to which executives are chosen through
competitive elections0UNREGULATED1SELECTION2DUAL / TRANSITIONAL3ELECTION-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (pp.81-82)EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT OPENNESSOpportunity for non-elites to attain executive
office0UNREGULATED1CLOSED2DUAL / DESIGNATION3DUAL / ELECTION4OPEN-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (p.82). MONOCRATISMInstitutional (de jure) independence of chief
executive1PURE INDIVIDUAL2INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY3QUALIFIED INDIVIDUAL4INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY5COLLECTIVE EXECUTIVE-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (pp.82-83)EXECUTIVE CONSTRAINTSOperational (de facto) independence of chief
executive1UNLIMITED AUTHORITY2INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY3SLIGHT TO MODERATE LIMITATIONS4INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY5SUBSTANTIAL LIMITATIONS6INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY7EXECUTIVE PARITY OR SUBORDINATION-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (p.80)REGULATION OF PARTICIPATIONDevelopment of institutional structures for political
expression1UNREGULATED2FACTIONAL / TRANSITIONAL3FACTIONAL / RESTRICTED4RESTRICTED5INSTITUTIONALIZED-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (pp.78-79)COMPETITIVENESS OF PARTICIPATIONExtent to which non-elites are able to access
institutional structures of political expression0UNREGULATED1SUPPRESSED2RESTRICTED / TRANSITIONAL3FACTIONAL4TRANSITIONAL5COMPETITIVE-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (pp.79-80)CENTRALIZATION OF STATE AUTHORITYGeographic concentration of decision-making
authority1UNITARY2INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY3FEDERAL-66INTERRUPTION-77INTERREGNUM-88TRANSITION-99INFORMATION UNKNOWNFor more information see SCID90 (pp.82-83)