WORLD VALUES SURVEYS, 1981-1984, 1990-1993 AND 1995-1997: CUMULATIVE FILE FOR THE FIRST THREE WAVES (ICPSR 2790)

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Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
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WORLD VALUES SURVEYS, 1981-1984, 1990-1993 AND 1995-1997

2790

INGLEHART, RONALD. (University of Michigan)

et al.  (link)

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research

Copyright ICPSR, 2000

May 30, 2000

SoftQuad XMetaL

National Science Foundation

SBR-9617813

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research

May 30, 2000

ICPSR XML Version

Sanda Ionescu

Inglehart, Ronald, et al. WORLD VALUES SURVEYS AND EUROPEAN VALUES SURVEYS, 1981-1984, 1990-1993, and 1995-1997 [Codebook file]. ICPSR XML version. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 2000.

http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/DDI/SAMPLES/02790.xml

WORLD VALUES SURVEYS, 1981-1984, 1990-1993 AND 1995-1997

2790

Inglehart, Ronald (University of Michigan)

et al.  (link)

Institute for Social Research

2000

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research

2000

WORLD VALUES SURVEYS AND EUROPEAN VALUES SURVEYS SERIES

This series began as a set of surveys conducted in ten West European societies by the European Value Systems Study Group (EVSSG). The World Values Survey (WVS) grew out of those surveys and was initiated in 1981 to study the values and attitudes of mass publics across nations of different economic, educational, and cultural backgrounds. The title of the series was changed to "World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys" with the addition of the 1995-1997 data. The WVS project explores the hypothesis that mass belief systems are changing in ways that have important economic, political, and social consequences. The surveys are based on stratified, multistage random samples of adult citizens aged 18 and older. The samples are selected in two stages. First, a random selection of sampling locations is made to ensure all types of locations are represented. Next, a random selection of individuals is drawn. Each study contains information from interviews conducted with 300 to 4,000 respondents per country. The samples for the 1995-1997 surveys are representative of societies with per capita incomes as low as $300 per year to $30,000 per year plus. The major substantive areas covered in all studies may be generally grouped as follows: - The importance of work, family, friends, leisure time, politics, and religion. - Attitudes toward government and religion, including how often respondents participated in group activities within religious and government organizations. - Perceptions of economic, ethnic, religious, and political groups and feelings of trust and closeness toward these groups. - Assessment of the relative importance of major problems facing the world and willingness to participate in solutions. - Self-reported assessments of happiness and class identity. Demographic information includes family income, number of people residing in the home, size of locality, home ownership, region of residence, occupation of the head of household, and the respondent's age, sex, occupation, education, religion, religiosity, political party and union membership, and left-right political self-placement.

Inglehart, Ronald, et al. WORLD VALUES SURVEYS AND EUROPEAN VALUES SURVEYS, 1981-1984, 1990-1993, and 1995-1997 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research [producer], 2000. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2000.

WORLD VALUES SURVEYS, 1981-1984, 1990-1993 AND 1995-1997: CUMULATIVE FILE FOR THE FIRST THREE WAVES

2790

Inglehart, Ronald

Marita Carballo de Cilley

Gevork Pogosian

Hans-Dieter Klingemann

Alan Black

Ali Aliev

Q. K. Ahmad

Andrei Vardomatskii

Carlos Eduardo Meirelles Matheus

Robert M. Worcester

Antony Todorov

Marta Lagos

Michael Guo

Carlos Lemoine

John Sudarsky

Vesna Pusic

Josefina Zaiter

Marcus Villaman

Julio Valerion

Mikk Titma

Juhani Pehkonen

Merab Pachulia

Kareem Tejumola

Pradeep Chhibber

Subhasa Misra

Seiko Yamazaki

Yuji Fukuda

Kenji Iijima

Ilze Koroleva

Rasa Alishauskiene

Miguel Basanez

Alejandro Moreno

Ljubov Ishimova

Vladimir Goati

Jovanka Matic

Lilijana Bacevic

Dragomir Pantic

Ola Listhaug

Farooq Tanwir

Catalina Romero

Alfredo Torres

Linda Luz Guerrero

Mahar Mangahas

Renata Siemienska

Angel Rivera-Ortiz

Jorge Benitez-Nazario

Elena Bashkirova

Niko Tos

Johann Mouton

Anneke Greyling

Robert Mattes

Mari Harris

Soo Young Auh

Sang-jin Han

Juan Diez Nicolas

Jose Ramon Torregrossa

Juan del Pino Artacho

Jose Luis Elzo

Jose Luis Veira Veira

Manuel Garcia Ferrando

Thorleif Petterson

Bi Puranen

Simon Hug

Pascal Sciarini

Hei-Yuan Chiu

Pi-chao Chen

Jin-yun Liu

Yilmaz Esmer

Olga Balakireva

Cesar Aguiar

Jose Arocena

Augustin Canzani

Rafael Mendizabal

George Gallup

Alec Gallup

Max Larsen

Gustavo Mendez

Jose Molina

Friedrich Welsch

Paul Zulehner

Christian Friesl

Jan Kerkhofs

Karel Dobbelaere

Jacques Rene Rabier

David Barker

Stephen Harding

Gordon Heald

Noel Timms

Andrei Raichev,

Kancho Stoichev

Neil Nevitte

Carlos Huneeus

Jiang Xingrong

Xiang Zongde

Vladimir Rak

Marek Boguszak

Ivan Gabal

Peter Gundelach

Ole Riis,

Andrus Saar

Leila Lotti

Helene Riffault

Renate Koecher

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann

Elemer Hankiss,

Robert Manchin,

Stefan Olafsson,

Fridrik Jonsson,

Eric da Costa

V.P. Madhok,

Michael Fogarty,

Renzo Gubert

Brigita Zepa,

Vladimir Yadov

Ruud de Moor

Felix Heunks

Loek Halman

Luis de Franca

Jorge Vala

J.C. Jesumo

Vladimir Andreyenkov

Catalin Zamfir,

Nicolae Lotreanu

Mattei Dogan

Christine Woessner

Francisco Andres Orizo

Javier Elzo

Anna Melich

Ustun Erguder,

Ersin Kalaycioglu

A.H. Ahmad

Kosta Barjaba

Russell Dalton

Blanka Filipcova

Christian Haerpfer

Juan Linz

R. C. Pandit

The 1981-84 surveys were coordinated by the European Values Survey group under the leadership of Jan Kerkhofs and Ruud de Moor, with an advisory committee consisting of Gordon Heald, Juan Linz, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Jacques Rabier and Helene Riffault. The 1990-1993 surveys were coordinated by the World Values Survey group and the European Values Survey group. The second wave of surveys was designed and coordinated by the following steering committee: Ruud de Moor, chair; Jan Kerkhofs, co-chair; Karel Dobbelaere, Loek Halman, Stephen Harding, Felix Heunks, Ronald Inglehart, Renate Koecher, Jacques Rabier and Noel Timms. Inglehart organized the surveys in non-European countries and in several East European countries. The following steering committee was elected to guide the design and execution of the third wave: Ronald Inglehart, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A. (chair); Elena Bashkirova, Russian Public Opinion and Market Research Institute, Moscow, Russia; Miguel Basanez, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Hei-yuan Chiu, Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Juan Diez-Nicolas, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Yilmaz Esmer, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Loek Halman, University of Tilburg, The Netherlands; Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Free University of Berlin and Berlin Science Center; Elone Nwabuzor, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria; Thorleif Petterson, Uppsala University, Sweden; Renata Siemienska, University of Warsaw, Poland; Seiko Yamazaki, Dentsu Institute for Human Studies, Tokyo, Japan; Alan Webster, Massey University, North Palmerston, New Zealand; Klingemann coordinated fieldwork in Germany and Central and Eastern Europe. The EVS group did not participate in this wave. The 1995-1998 surveys were coordinated by Inglehart, who also assembled and documented this three-wave dataset.

Institute for Social Research

2000

National Science Foundation

SBR 9422899

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research

2000

WORLD VALUES SURVEYS AND EUROPEAN VALUES SURVEYS SERIES

This series began as a set of surveys conducted in ten West European societies by the European Value Systems Study Group (EVSSG). The World Values Survey (WVS) grew out of those surveys and was initiated in 1981 to study the values and attitudes of mass publics across nations of different economic, educational, and cultural backgrounds. The title of the series was changed to "World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys" with the addition of the 1995-1997 data. The WVS project explores the hypothesis that mass belief systems are changing in ways that have important economic, political, and social consequences. The surveys are based on stratified, multistage random samples of adult citizens aged 18 and older. The samples are selected in two stages. First, a random selection of sampling locations is made to ensure all types of locations are represented. Next, a random selection of individuals is drawn. Each study contains information from interviews conducted with 300 to 4,000 respondents per country. The samples for the 1995-1997 surveys are representative of societies with per capita incomes as low as $300 per year to $30,000 per year plus. The major substantive areas covered in all studies may be generally grouped as follows: - The importance of work, family, friends, leisure time, politics, and religion. - Attitudes toward government and religion, including how often respondents participated in group activities within religious and government organizations. - Perceptions of economic, ethnic, religious, and political groups and feelings of trust and closeness toward these groups. - Assessment of the relative importance of major problems facing the world and willingness to participate in solutions. - Self-reported assessments of happiness and class identity. Demographic information includes family income, number of people residing in the home, size of locality, home ownership, region of residence, occupation of the head of household, and the respondent's age, sex, occupation, education, religion, religiosity, political party and union membership, and left-right political self-placement.

Inglehart, Ronald, et al. WORLD VALUES SURVEYS AND EUROPEAN VALUES SURVEYS, 1981-1984, 1990-1993, and 1995-1997 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research [producer], 2000. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2000.

SOCIAL INDICATORS, B. Nations Other Than the United States

The series is designed to enable a crossnational comparison of values and norms on a wide variety of topics and to monitor changes in values and attitudes across the globe. This data collection consists of responses from WORLD VALUES SURVEY, 1981-1983 (ICPSR 9309) and WORLD VALUES SURVEY, 1981-1984 AND 1990-1993 (ICPSR 6160), along with data gathered during 1995-1997. Over 60 surveys representing more than 50 countries participated in the 1995-1997 study. The 1995 questionnaire retained those items that gave the most significant results from the 1981 and 1990 surveys. New topics pertaining to technology, social relationships, and parent-child relationships were added. Broad topics covered were work, personal finances, the economy, politics, allocation of resources, contemporary social issues, technology and its impact on society, and traditional values. Respondents were asked whether the following acts were ever justifiable: suicide, cheating on taxes, lying, euthanasia, divorce, and abortion. Respondents were also asked about the groups and associations they belonged to, which ones they worked for voluntarily, the groups they would not want as neighbors, their general state of health, and whether they felt they had free choice and control over their lives. A wide range of items was included on the meaning and purpose of life, such as respondents' views on the value of scientific advances, the demarcation of good and evil, and religious behavior and beliefs. Respondents were also queried about their attitudes toward religion, morality, politics, sexual freedom, marriage, single parenting, child-rearing, and the importance of work, family, politics, and religion in their lives. Questions relating to work included what financial and social benefits were most important to them in a job, the pride they took in their work, if they were happy with their current position, and their views on owner/state/employee management of business. Questions pertaining to the stability of the world economy, solutions for poverty, and whether respondents were happy with their financial situation were also asked. Respondents' opinions of various forms of political action, the most important aims for their countries, confidence in various civil and governmental institutions, and whether they would fight in a war for their country were also solicited. Demographic information includes family income, number of people residing in the home, size of locality, home ownership, region of residence, occupation of the head of household, and the respondent's age, sex, occupation, education, religion, religiosity, political party and union membership, and left-right political self-placement.

The World Values Surveys grew out of a study launched by the European Values Survey group (EVS) under the leadership of Jan Kerkhofs and Ruud de Moor, with an advisory committee consisting of Gordon Heald, Juan Linz, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Jacques Rabier and Helene Riffault. In 1981, the EVS carried out surveys in ten West European societies; it evoked such widespread interest that it was replicated in 12 additional countries. Findings from these surveys suggested that pervasive and partially predictable cultural changes were taking place. To monitor these changes, a new wave of surveys was launched, this time designed to be carried out globally. The second wave of surveys was designed and coordinated by the following steering committee: Ruud de Moor, chair; Jan Kerkhofs, co-chair; Karel Dobbelaere, Loek Halman, Stephen Harding, Felix Heunks, Ronald Inglehart, Renate Koecher, Jacques Rabier and Noel Timms. Inglehart organized the surveys in non-European countries and in several East European countries. WVS Participants from nearly 40 societies on all six inhabited continents met in Spain in September 1993 to evaluate results of the first two waves of surveys. Coherent patterns of change in a wide range of key values were observed from 1981 to 1990. To monitor these changes and probe more deeply into their causes and consequences, the group agreed to carry out additional waves of research in 1995 and 2000; and began designing the 1995 wave. This wave gave special attention to obtaining better coverage of non-Western societies and to analyzing the development of a democratic political culture in the emerging Third Wave democracies. A fourth wave of surveys is being carried out jointly by the EVS and WVS groups, in 1999-2000. The usefulness of these surveys has grown as they have expanded to provide more complete coverage of the world's societies, and as the time series that they cover has grown longer. The 1981-83 survey covered 22 independent countries plus surveys in Northern Ireland and Tambov oblast of the Russian republic; the 1990-93 survey covered 42 independent countries plus surveys in Northern Ireland, and Greater Moscow; the 1995-97 survey covered 53 independent countries, plus surveys in Puerto Rico, Tambov oblast, Montenegro, the Andalusian, Basque, Galician and Valencian regions of Spain and a pilot survey in Ghana. In all, 64 independent countries have been surveyed in at least one wave of this investigation (counting East Germany as an independent country, which it was when first surveyed). These countries include almost 80 percent of the world's population. The World Values surveys provide a broader range of variation than has ever before been available for analyzing the impact of the values and beliefs of mass publics on political and social life. This unique data base makes it possible to examine cross-level linkages, such as that between public values and economic growth; or between environmental pollution and mass attitudes toward environmental protection; or that between political culture and democratic institutions. This project is a confederation of equal partners. It has been carried out with little central funding and hence, with minimal central control. In most countries, funding for fieldwork and analysis was obtained from local sources. In return for providing the data from a representative national sample of their own country, each participating group obtains immediate access to the data from all of the other surveys. They also become part of a global network of social scientists that interacts electronically and in international conferences, exchanging ideas and interpretations of the observed cross-national differences and changes over time. A major goal of this project has been to expand participation beyond the ranks of the advanced industrial societies to which most previous survey research has been limited, involving participants from developing countries and non-Western societies, and to transcend the boundaries that until recently divided the world into Eastern and Western blocs. There were two main reasons for doing so. The first was an intellectual purpose: the steering committee of the WVS was convinced that only by including the full range of economic, cultural and political variation, would it be possible to effectively analyze the sources of variation in human belief systems-and their impact on society. The second reason for adopting this strategy was in order to aid the diffusion of empirical social science techniques into societies in which they previously have been little used. We believe that survey research is likely to play an increasingly important role as societies develop, providing both social scientists and decision-makers with valuable information about mass beliefs and preferences. These two goals complement each other. Starting with the 1990 survey, participants from all six inhabited continents have been involved in the design, fieldwork, analysis and interpretation of the World Values Surveys. This many-sided interaction, involving people with a wide variety of perspectives, has enhanced the effectiveness of the World Values Survey. It has produced hundreds of publications in many languages. Even more important, it has enabled the World Values Survey to become a genuinely worldwide investigation, carried out by a global network of social scientists. The 1995-1997 study is the third wave of the WVS and includes more than 60 surveys, representing a majority of the world's population and ranging from societies with per capita incomes as low as $300 per year, to societies with per capita incomes as high as $30,000 per year; and from long-established democracies with market economies, to various types of authoritarian states. The 1990 World Values surveys were carried out in 43 societies, and the 1981 surveys were carried out in 22 societies, providing time series data for many societies, enabling us to analyze the changes in values and attitudes that took place during the years between the three sets of surveys. The 1995 questionnaire retains those items that gave the most significant results from the 1981 and 1990 surveys, replicating about 60 per cent of the 1990 questionnaire. The additional space made available was used to probe more deeply into key topics, particularly democratization and cultural change. The WVS project explores the hypothesis that mass belief systems are changing in ways that have important economic, political and social consequences. It does not assume either economic or cultural determinism: findings to date suggest that the relationships between values, economics and politics are reciprocal, with the exact nature of the linkages in given cases being an empirical question, rather than something that can be determined a priori. In most cases, the fieldwork for these surveys is supported by funding from within the given country. Each national team furnishes a copy of their data to the central coordinator at Ann Arbor, and in return receives the data from all participating countries. This arrangement has a powerful multiplier effect, enabling each national group to interpret their findings in a much broader, developmental and cross-cultural perspective.

1981 [1st wave]-1984 [1st wave]1990 [2nd wave]-1993 [2nd wave]1995 [3rd wave]-1997 [3rd wave]

1981 [Specific fieldwork period for each country and survey wave is shown in the "dataCollector" element]-1997 [Specific fieldwork period for each country and survey wave is shown in the "dataCollector" element]

FRANCE, BRITAIN, WEST-GERMANY, ITALY, NETHERLANDS, DENMARK, BELGIUM, SPAIN, IRELAND, NORTHERN-IRELAND, USA, CANADA, JAPAN, MEXICO, SOUTH-AFRICA, HUNGARY, AUSTRALIA, NORWAY, SWEDEN, TAMBOV-RUSSIA, ICELAND, ARGENTINA, FINLAND, SOUTH-KOREA, POLAND, SWITZERLAND, PUERTO-RICO, BRAZIL, NIGERIA, CHILE, BELARUS, INDIA, CZECH (REPUBLIC), EAST-GERMANY, SLOVENIA, BULGARIA, ROMANIA, PAKISTAN, CHINA, TAIWAN, PORTUGAL, AUSTRIA, TURKEY, MOSCOW-1990, LITHUANIA, LATVIA, ESTONIA, UKRAINE, RUSSIA, PERU, VENEZUELA, URUGUAY, GHANA, PHILIPPINES, MOLDOVA, GEORGIA, ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN, DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC, BANGLADESH, COLOMBIA, BASQUE (COUNTRY), ANDALUSIA, GALICIA, VALENCIA, SERBIA, MONTENEGRO, MACEDONIA, CROATIA, SLOVAKIA, BOSNIA

nation  (link)

nation  (link)

individuals

Adults 18 and over in the mass publics of 60 societies representing more than 50 different countries around the world.

survey data

The 1981-1983 wave included surveys in Northern Ireland and the Tambov oblast of the Russian republic; the 1990-1993 wave included surveys in Northern Ireland and Greater Moscow; the 1995-1997 wave included surveys in Puerto Rico, Tambov oblast, Montenegro, and the Andalusian, Basque, Galician and Valencian regions of Spain.

time series

1981-1984: Argentina 1984 Gallup-Argentina

1981-1984: Australia 1981 Roy Morgan (Gallup)

1981-1984: Belgium 1981 Dimarso

1981-1984: Canada 1981 Gallup-Canada

1981-1984: Denmark 1981 Observa SA

1981-1984: Japan 1981 Nippon Research Center

1981-1984: Finland 1981 Suomen Gallup (Gallup-Finland)

1981-1984: France 1981 Faits et Opinions

1981-1984: West Germany 1981 Institut fuer Demoskopie

1981-1984: Great Britain 1981 Social Surveys (Gallup)

1981-1984: Hungary 1982 Hungarian Academy of Sciences

1981-1984: Iceland 1981 University of Iceland

1981-1984: Ireland 1981 Irish Marketing Surveys

1981-1984: Italy 1981 DOXA

1981-1984: Mexico 1981 IMOP (Gallup-Mexico)

1981-1984: Netherlands 1981 NIPO

1981-1984: Northern Ireland 1981 Irish Marketing Surveys

1981-1984: Norway 1982 Central Bureau of Statistics

1981-1984: South Africa 1982 Markinor

1981-1984: South Korea 1982 Gallup

1981-1984: Spain 1981 DATA SA

1981-1984: Sweden 1982 Gallup-Sweden

1981-1984: Tambov oblast 1982 USSR Academy of Sciences

1981-1984: United States 1982 The Gallup Organization

1990-1993: ARGENTINA--Instituto Gallup de la Argentina (Buenos Aires) February-April, 1991

1990-1993: AUSTRIA--Fessel + GFK Institut (Vienna) ; June-July, 1990

1990-1993: BELARUS--Institute of Sociology, Belarus Academy of Sciences (Minsk); October-November, 1990.

1990-1993: BELGIUM -- Dimarso-Gallup, Belgium (Brussels); June, 1990

1990-1993: BRAZIL--Instituto Gallup de Opiniao Publica (Sao Paolo) ; October, 1991-January, 1992

1990-1993: BRITAIN -- Gallup (London) ; June-September, 1990.

1990-1993: BULGARIA--National Public Opinion Center (Sofia); August, 1990

1990-1993: CANADA -- Gallup-Canada (Toronto) ; May-June, 1990

1990-1993: CHILE --Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Contemporanea (Santiago) ; May, 1990.

1990-1993: CHINA--China Statistical Information Center (Beijing), ; July-December, 1990

1990-1993: CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- Association for Independent Social Analysis (Prague); September, 1990

1990-1993: DENMARK --Socialforskningsinstituttet (Danish National Institute of Social Research),(Copenhagen); April-May, 1990

1990-1993: ESTONIA--Mass Communication Research and Information Center (Tallinn); June-August, 1990

1990-1993:FINLAND --Suomen Gallup [Gallup-Finland] (Helskinki) N=588; April, 1990.

1990-1993: FRANCE -- Faits et Opinions (Paris); June-July, 1990

1990-1993: (EAST) GERMANY -- Institut fuer Demoskopie (Allensbach) ; Fall, 1990.

1990-1993: (WEST) GERMANY -- Institut fuer Demoskopie (Allensbach) ; June-July, 1990

1990-1993: HUNGARY--Gallup, Hungary (Budapest); May-June, 1990

1990-1993: ICELAND --University of Iceland, Social Science Research Institute,; April, 1990.

1990-1993: INDIA--Indian Institute of Public Opinion (New Delhi) ; July-December, 1990.

1990-1993: IRELAND -- Economic and Social Research Institute (Dublin) ; July-October, 1990

1990-1993: NORTHERN-IRELAND ; July-September, 1990.

1990-1993: ITALY -- Centro internazionale di recerche sociali sulle aree montane (Trento) ; October-November, 1990.

1990-1993: JAPAN -- Nippon Research Center Ltd. [Gallup-Japan] (Tokyo) ; September, 1990

1990-1993: SOUTH KOREA -- Ewha University (Seoul) ; June-July, 1990.

1990-1993: LATVIA--Public Opinion Research Group, Latvian Sociological Association (Riga) ; June-August, 1990

1990-1993: LITHUANIA-- Vilnius State University Sociological Laboratory (Vilnius); June-August, 1990.

1990-1993: MEXICO -- Market and Opinion Research International [MORI de Mexico] (Mexico City); May, 1990.

1990-1993: MOSCOW--Institute of Sociology, Soviet Academy of Sciences (Moscow); October-November, 1990

1990-1993: NETHERLANDS -- Institut voor Sociaal-Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Tilburg); June-August, 1990.

1990-1993: NIGERIA -- Research and Marketing Services, Ltd. [Gallup-Nigeria] (Lagos) ; May-June, 1990

1990-1993: NORWAY --survey division of Norwegian Central Bureau of Statistics (Oslo); April-June, 1990

1990-1993: POLAND -- Osrodek Badania Opinii Publicznej [survey unit of Polish Radio-Television] (Warsaw) ; November-December, 1989.

1990-1993: PORTUGAL -- EuroExpansao, S.A. (Lisbon); May-July, 1990.

1990-1993: RUSSIA--Institute for Social and Political Research, Soviet Academy of Sciences (Moscow) ; January, 1991

1990-1993: ROMANIA--Institute for Research on Quality of Life, Romanian Academy of Sciences (Bucharest); Spring, 1993

1990-1993: SLOVENIA--Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Ljubljana ; February, 1992

1990-1993: SOUTH AFRICA--Markinor (Johannesburg); October-November, 1990.

1990-1993: SPAIN--DATA, Madrid ; April-May, 1990

1990-1993: SPAIN -- Analisis Sociologicas, Economicos Y Politicos (ASEP) Madrid. ; May, 1990

1990-1993: SWEDEN --Svenska Institutet for Opinionsundersokingar (SIFO)[Gallup-Sweden] (Stockholm); April-May, 1990

1990-1993: SWITZERLAND--ISOPUBLIC, Institut Suisse d'Opinion Publique (Zurich); November 1988-February, 1989

1990-1993: TURKEY-- Bogazici University, Department of Political Science (Istanbul); November, 1990 - January, 1991.

1990-1993: U.S.A.-- The Gallup Organization (Princeton); May-June, 1990.

1995-1997: ARGENTINA--Instituto Gallup de la Argentina (Buenos Aires); Fall, 1995.

1995-1997: ARMENIA--Sociological Research Center, Armenian Academy of Sciences (Yerevan). February, 1997.

1995-1997: AUSTRALIA--Roy Morgan Research Center (Melbourne); Fall, 1995.

1995-1997: AZERBAIJAN-SIAR (Baku); Nov, 1996. .

1995-1997: BANGLADESH--Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP) (Dhaka); August, 1996.

1995-1997: BELARUS--NOVAK Institute (Minsk); December, 1996.

1995-1997: BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA- Ivan Hartjiisky Institute for Social Values and Structures (Sofia, Bulgaria), April, 1998.

1995-1997: BRAZIL--Instituto Gallup de Opiniao Publico (Sao Paulo); Fall, 1997.

1995-1997: BRITAIN--MORI (London); March, 1998.

1995-1997: BULGARIA-Ivan Hartijiisky Institute for Social Values and Structures [BBSS Gallup International] (Sofia); December, 1997.

1995-1997: CHILE--CERC (Santiago); Spring, 1996.

1995-1997: CHINA--Gallup-China (Beijing); Fall, 1995.

1995-1997: COLOMBIA--Centro Nacional de Consultoria (Bogota), 1997 and april 1998.

CROATIA--Institute for the Culture of Democracy, Erasmus Guild (Zagreb); December, 1995.

1995-1997: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Centro POVEDA (Santo Domingo); April, 1996.

1995-1997: EAST GERMANY--FORSA (Berlin); March, 1997.

1995-1997: ESTONIA--Center for Social Studies in Eastern Europe (Tallinn). Oct-Nov, 1996.

1995-1997: FINLAND--Suomen Gallup (Espoo); Spring, 1996.

1995-1997: GEORGIA--Georgian Institute of Public Opinion, (Tbilisi); December, 1996.

1995-1997: GHANA-- Research and Marketing Services, Ltd. (Lagos); October, 1995.

1995-1997: INDIA--OASES (New Delhi); 1995-1996.

1995-1997: JAPAN--Nippon Research Center (Tokyo); Fall, 1995.

1995-1997:LATVIA--Foundation for the Advancement of Sociological Studies; Oct-Nov, 1996.

1995-1997: LITHUANIA--Baltic Surveys (Vilnius); Oct-Nov, 1996.

1995-1997: MACEDONIA-Ivan Hartjiisky Institute for Social Values and Structures (Sofia, Bulgaria); December, 1997.

1995-1997: MEXICO--MORI de Mexico and Reforma (Mexico City); Fall, 1995 and Spring, 1996.

1995-1997: MOLDOVA-Institute of Sociology, Moldovan Academy of Sciences (Chisinau), December, 1996.

1995-1997: MONTENEGRO--Institute of Social Sciences, University of Belgrade (Belgrade). October, 1996.

1995-1997: NIGERIA--Research and Marketing Services, Ltd. (Lagos); Fall, 1995.

1995-1997: NORWAY--Norwegian Central Bureau of Statistics; Fall, 1996.

1995-1997: PAKISTAN-Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture (Faisalabad); March-September, 1997.

1995-1997: PERU-- Gerente de Apoyo, S.A. (Lima); May, 1996.

1995-1997: PHILIPPINES -- Social Weather Stations (Quezon City); March-April 1996.

1995-1997: POLAND--Centrum Badania Opinii Spolecznej (Warsaw); January-February, 1997.

1995-1997: PUERTO RICO--College of Social Science, University of Puerto Rico (Rio Piedras); Fall 1995.

1995-1997: RUSSIA-Russian Public Opinion and Market Research [ROMIR] (Moscow); November-December, 1995.

1995-1997: SERBIA--Institute of Social Sciences, University of Belgrade (Belgrade). October, 1996.

1995-1997: SLOVENIA--Survey Research Center, University of Ljubjana (Ljubjana); September-November, 1995. .

1995-1997: SOUTH AFRICA--Markinor (Stellenbosch); Spring, 1996.

1995-1997: SOUTH KOREA--Ewah Women's University (Seoul) and Seoul National University; Spring 1996.

1995-1997: SPAIN--ASEP (Madrid); October, 1995.

1995-1997: ANDALUCIA- Instituto Andaluz de Estadistica (Malaga). March, 1996.

1995-1997: BASQUE COUNTRY- Facultad de Ciencias Politicas y Sociologia, Universidad de Deusto (Bilbao). May-June 1995.

1995-1997: GALICIA-Facultad de Sociologia, Universidad de la Coruna (La Coruna). November, 1995.

1995-1997: VALENCIA-Departamento de Sociologia, Universidad de Valencia (Valencia). October, 1995.

1995-1997: SWEDEN--TEMO (Solna); Spring, 1996.

1995-1997: SWITZERLAND--Geselleschaft fuer Socialforschung (XX); Fall, 1996.

1995-1997: TAMBOV-- ROMIR (Moscow); Fall, 1995.

1995-1997: TAIWAN--Survey Research Center, Academia Sinica (Taipei); summer, 1994 and summer1995.

1995-1997: TURKEY-Survey Research Center, Bogazici University (Istanbul); December, 1996-January, 1997.

1995-1997: UKRAINE--Social Monitoring Center, National Institute for Strategic Studies (Kiev); September, 1996.

1995-1997: URUGUAY--Equipos Consultores Associados (Montevideo). October, 1996.

1995-1997: U.S.A.-- The Gallup Organization (Princeton) Fall, 1995.

1995-1997: VENEZUELA--DOXA (Caracas); March-April, 1996.

1995-1997: WEST GERMANY-FORSA (Berlin); March-April, 1997.

Three waves of surveys were completed in 1981-1984, 1990-1993 and 1995-1997; a fourth wave is being carried out in 1999-2000.

Both national random and quota sampling were used. The populations of India, China, and Nigeria, as well as rural areas and the illiterate population, were undersampled.;

All surveys were carried out with a sampling universe consisting of all adult citizens, ages 18 and older. In most cases, stratified multi-stage random sampling was used, with the samples being selected in two stages. First, a random selection of sampling locations was made ensuring that all types of location were represented in proportion to their population. Next, a random selection of individuals was drawn up. In some countries, individuals were selected from electoral rolls or from a central registry of citizens. In Norway, and Sweden, stratified random samples were interviewed. The U.S. and Canada used stratified random samples, with three call backs. The Japanese used a stratified multi-stage random sample, drawing names from records maintained by local government agencies. Most other countries used multi-stage random sampling to select the household, with given individuals in the household being selected using a Kish grid to select the person to be interviewd from a listing of all those in the household. In some countries, the final selection was made by quota sampling with quotas assigned on the basis of sex, age, occupation and region, using census data as a guide to the distribution of each group in the population. The Chinese survey used stratified multi-stage random sampling, first stratifying the provinces according to three levels of economic development, with several provinces being randomly selected within each of these strata. In the usual sampling design, within each country, a multi-stage, random selection of sampling points is carried out, with a number of points being drawn from all administrative regional units after stratification by region and degree of urbanization. In each sampling point a starting address is drawn at random. Further addresses are selected by random route procedures. All interviews are carried out face-to-face at home, in the respective national languages. National samples were used in all but the following cases: sub-national surveys were carried out in Northern Ireland and the greater Moscow region (which was surveyed in 1990 in addition to the entire Russian republic). In 1981 when it was not possible to survey the entire Russian republic, a survey was carried out in Tambov oblast of the Russian republic. Tambov oblast was surveyed again in 1995, to permit time-series comparisons; we interviewed a representative Russian national sample of 2,040 in addition to the subsample of 500 persons in the Tambov region. In 1995, regional surveys were carried out in the Andalusian, Basque, Galician and Valencian regions of Spain, in addition to the Spanish national survey. Puerto Rico was also surveyed in 1995. In Chile, the sample covers the central portion of the country, which contains 63% of the total population; the income level of this region is about 40% higher than the national average. In Argentina, sampling was limited to the urbanized central portion of the country, where about 70 per cent of the population is concentrated, and which also has above-average incomes. Within this region, 200 sampling points were selected, with approximately five individuals being interviewed in each sampling point through multi-stage probability sampling moving through zones, sections and dwellings to individuals. In India, in both 1990 and 1995, the sample was stratified to allocate 90% of the interviews to urban areas and 10% to rural areas; and to have 90% of the respondents with literate respondents (who are slightly less than 50% of the population). The interviews were distributed among 16 states in proportion to their population. This sample was stratified to be representative of age, sex and region, but overrepresents urban and literate respondents: only ten percent of these interviews was carried out in rural areas, as was the case with the 1990 survey. Weighting is necessary to approximate national population parameters. In Nigeria, in 1990 the fieldwork was limited to urban areas plus a sample of rural areas within 100 kilometers of an urban center. In Nigeria, national samples of the adult population were interviewed, in all 30 states in proportion to their population. The interviews were carried out in the respective languages of the given region, and were stratified to be 40 percent urban and 60 per cent rural. In the 1995 Nigerian survey, in the South, rural areas were randomly selected from a list of rural settlements within a 10 kilometer radius of the selected urban towns; in the North they were selected from within a 50 kilometer radius of the selected towns In China the sample is 90 per cent urban and largely excludes the illiterate population. In both 1981 and 1990, the samples from both the United States and South Africa were stratified by race, overrepresenting minority races. The weight variable corrects for this. The Swiss surveys are stratified by language group, producing a sample that overrepresents the French-speaking and Italian-speaking groups; to obtain a nationally representative sample, the weight variable should be used. In Russia, the individual respondent were selected from centralized lists of the place of residence of everyone living in the jurisdiction of a particular state-run address bureau. Because of communal living arrangments, this has some advantages over a within-household random selection. The weight variable also corrects for obvious deviations from national population parameters in age and education in other countries. In the 1981 surveys, for example, it compensates for the fact that the 18-24 year old age group was oversampled by a factor of roughly two. In most cases, the more highly educated are oversampled, and are accordingly weighted less heavily than the less educated. ADDITIONAL NOTES FROM 1990 SURVEYS: In Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Italy and the Republic of Ireland, individuals were selected from electoral rolls; in Slovenia they were selected from a central registry of citizens. In Norway, Sweden and Denmark, stratified random samples were interviewed, with response rates averaging 71%. The U.S. and Canada used stratified random samples, with three call backs. The Japanese used a stratified multi-stage random sample, drawing names from records maintained by local government agencies; completed interviews were obtained with 62 per cent of the individuals drawn. The 1990 Chinese survey used stratified multi-stage random sampling, first stratifying the provinces according to three levels of economic development, with several provinces being randomly selected within each of these strata. Within each province, approximately 20 sampling points were selected randomly, with five individuals being interviewed at each point. The population was stratified according to rural-urban residence, sex, age, occupation and education, and within these sampling points, each stratum was sampled by quota, with a 10 per cent subsample of illiterate persons. The 1990 Indian survey was stratified to cover 14 states representing different geographic and socioeconomic regions of the country, with 2,500 interviews distributed among these states in proportion to their population. Within these 14 states, about 10 per cent of the Parliamentary Constituencies were selected and 50 interviews allocated to each one. The interviews were then stratified according to town size, allocating 90 per cent to urban areas, but stratifying according to population within the urban sample. A quota sample was then designed which is representative in terms of age and sex, but not education, since the sample design called for 90% of the interviews to be carried out with the literate part of the public. Within this segment, interviews were stratified according to education. Interviews were carried out in the eight most widely-spoken langugages of India, but the rural 10 per cent of the sample was confined to the five Hindi-speaking states in the sample. The 1990 Nigerian sample was stratified in a similar fashion, with 90 per cent of the interviews being carried out with the urban and literate segments of the population. It was then stratified by age, sex and education, within 17 provinces representing the major ethnic groups in the country. Most surveys in these countries undersample rural and illiterate respondents, who tend to give large numbers of "don't know" responses.

One consequence of the strategy of striving for inclusiveness has been that the quality of fieldwork varies cross-nationally. Like most aspects of human endeavor, performance tends to improve with experience. Moreover, the logistical difficulties involved in interviewing a representative national sample of the population of such countries as China, Peru or Nigeria are far greater than they are in richer and more urbanized countries such as Sweden, the United States or Japan.For these reasons, the quality of our samples tends to be higher in advanced industrial societies that have been conducting representative national samples for several decades, than in countries in which survey research is new. In a number of the societies included in this project, survey research has only recently become possible, and in some cases the World Values Survey was the first representative national survey ever carried out in that country. Our strategy has been to recruit the some of best social scientists in the given country, and to carry out the survey using the best available sampling techniques, rather than to wait until optimal conditions are present-which would mean limiting the project mainly to economically developed societies. With substantially greater funding, it would be possible to have the best of both worlds, carrying out fully random probability samples throughout the world. We believe that this would be a worthwhile allocation of resources, and hope that it will be possible in the future. For the present, we have striven for global inclusiveness using available resources. We have analyzed these data extensively, and where possible, have compared the results with those from other surveys. The results leave little doubt in our minds that, even with the societies where survey techniques are new, the findings are generally reliable.The surveys from most low income countries undersample the illiterate portion of the public and oversample the urban areas and the more educated strata. The present dataset is weighted to correct for these and other features of sampling; but it would be unrealistic to view the samples from the low income countries as fully comparable to those from advanced industrial societies. Because of these factors, it is advisable to use the weight variable (V236) in most analyses. Our analyses indicate that the more educated and more urbanized oversampled groups within low-income countries tend to have orientations relatively similar to those found in the publics of industrial societies. This means that our data tend to underestimate the size of cross-national differences involving these countries; nevertheless, we consistently find sizeable differences between the prevailing values of rich and poor societies.

face-to-face interviews

structured

The present data set is weighted to correct for undersampling of the illiterate portion of the public and oversampling of the urban areas and more educated strata, as well as for other obvious deviations from national population parameters.  (link)

Missing data codes were standardized by data producer/principal investigator.

Checks for undocumented codes performed by ICPSR.

Data reformatted by ICPSR

In the data for 1981-1984 and 1990-1993, the wild codes were changed to undocumented codes.

The Principal Investigators were unable to collect documentation for all of the code values which appear in the nation-specific variables. Some of these values are labeled as "documentation not available" or "undocumented code" in the codebook. Users should note that some code values are not included in the codebook and others have no cases in the data file.

Most of the participating institutes did not report response rates. Using a probability sample, the Slovenian group reports an impressive 87% response rate. The highest rate was reported by the Czech group, which drew a 1990 quota sample of 1,450 interviews stratified by sex, age, education, region and size of community, within 303 randomly selected sampling points; they obtained 1,396 completed interviews, for a remarkably high response rate of 96%. The 1990 Romanian survey used a pure quota sample, stratified by age, sex, occupation, and size of the community within each of nine regions of the country. They report that, despite the lengthy interview, the number of those who refused to be interviewed was very small.

Ann Arbor, Mi.: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research

1 data file + machine-readable documentation (PDF) + SAS data definition statements + SPSS data definition statements;

4 files

Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Inglehart, Ronald, et al. WORLD VALUES SURVEYS AND EUROPEAN VALUES SURVEYS, 1981-1984, 1990-1993, AND 1995-1997 [Computer file]. ICPSR Version. Ann Arbor, Mi.: Institute for Social Research [producer], 2000. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2000.

To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used.

The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.

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