POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994  (ICPSR 6695)

Document Description

Citation

Title:

POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994

Identification Number:

6695

Authoring Entity:

JAGGERS, KEITH (DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER)

GURR, TED ROBERT (CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AT COLLEGE PARK)

Producer:

INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

Copyright:

ICPSR, 2000

Date of Production:

JUNE 10, 2000

Software used in Production:

SOFTQUAD XMETAL

Funding Agency/Sponsor:

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Grant Number:

SBR-9617813

Distributor:

INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

Date of Distribution:

JUNE 10, 2000

Version:

1

Version Responsibility:

SANDA IONESCU

Documentation Source

Title:

POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994

Identification Number:

6695

Authoring Entity:

JAGGERS, KEITH (DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER)

GURR, TED ROBERT (CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AT COLLEGE PARK)

Other identifications and acknowledgements:

Michael D. Ward

Kristian S. Gleditsch

Producer:

KEITH JAGGERS

TED ROBERT GURR

Date of Production:

1995

Distributor:

INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

Date of Distribution:

SEPTEMBER 1996

Version:

2

Version Responsibility:

INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

Bibliographic Citation:

Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr [producers], 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1996.

Study Description

Citation

Title:

POLITY III: REGIME TYPE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994

Identification Number:

6695

Authoring Entity:

JAGGERS, KEITH (DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER)

GURR, TED ROBERT (CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AT COLLEGE PARK)

Other identifications and acknowledgements:

Michael D. Ward

Kristian S. Gleditsch

Producer:

KEITH JAGGERS

TED ROBERT GURR

Date of Production:

1995

Distributor:

INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

Date of Distribution:

SEPTEMBER 1996

Version:

2

Version Responsibility:

INTER-UNIVERSITY CONSORTIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

Bibliographic Citation:

Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr [producers], 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1996.

Study Scope

Topic Classification:

XVI. SOCIAL INDICATORS, B. NATIONS OTHER THAN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract:

This dataset, a modified and updated version of POLITY II: POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND REGIME CHANGE, 1800-1986 (ICPSR 9263), focuses on indicators of political authority and regime type for 177 members of the international system. Variables include two indicators of regime type (autocracy and democracy) and eight indicators of political authority (regulation of executive recruitment, competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness of executive recruitment, monocratism, constraints on the chief executive, regulation of political participation, competitiveness of political participation, and centralization of state authority). Polity III updates and, in some instances, alters the Polity II data (on the modifications see Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, 1995. "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 32, 4 (1995), 469-482). Not included in this version of the Polity data are the Scope, State Power, Coherence, and Institutional Persistence variables. Information on "polity" change, formation and termination are also not included. The Polity II dataset includes these variables through 1986.

Time Period:

1800-1994

Date of Collection:

1994-1995

Country:

SEE NATIONS LIST IN V3, "COUNTRY NAME"

Geographic Coverage:

20 historical countries and 157 contemporary countries encompassing all independent members of the international system with populations greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s.

Geographic Unit(s):

NATION

Unit of Analysis:

nation

Universe:

Annual observations from 1800 to 1994 of 20 historical countries and 157 contemporary countries encompassing all independent members of the international system with populations of greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s.

Kind of Data:

aggregate data

Notes:

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DOMAIN: The Polity III dataset includes all independent members of the international system with populations greater than 500,000 in the early 1990s. Authority characteristics and regime type data are coded annually beginning in 1800, for states that were then independent, or from the year in which the state first gained effective autonomy. Data for all variables is reported through 1994, or the year in which the state ceased to be part of the international state system. The Polity III dataset includes 157 contemporary states.

Methodology and Processing

Time Method:

time series

Cleaning Operations:

This is a cleaned version of the Polity III data. The May 1996 Version: Using the criteria procedures as laid out in the POLITY II codebook (Gurr et al. 1989) for computing the institutionalized democracy and autocracy scores from the authority characteristics, it was found that several entries in the Dec. 1995 version of the POLITY III data appeared to have been miscoded. The new recoded data were generated by an S program implementing the coding procedures. The program and the corrections were reviewed with the principal POLITY III coder, Keith Jaggers, who verified the procedures implemented and the accuracy of the corrections. Here is a list of the major differences. 1) The most dramatic difference in terms of magnitude is that the democracy and autocracy scores were transposed for Russia in 1989. The democracy score should be 1 and the autocracy score should be 5 for this year, but were reversed in the old version of the data. These scores have been reorganized in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. 2) 1484 cases out of the total of 13907 entries in the POLITY III data had been assigned a democracy score that differed by -1 from what the correct values should be according to the coding rules. Of these, 1170 were in the nineteenth century. All the entries in the twentieth century were prior to 1945. The countries that had been coded with incorrect democracy scores include Afghanistan (1894-1934), Austria (1848-1917), Baden (1841-47), Belgium (1932-51), Brazil (1824-88), Bulgaria (1883-85), China (1800-1910), Denmark (1849-1900), Egypt (1923-45), France (1814-47), Germany/Prussia (1878-1917), Hungary (1867-1917), Iran (1941-45), Iraq (1924-45), Italy (1861-21), Japan (1868-1944), Korea (1880-1910), Luxembourg (1867-89), Morocco (1880-1911), Nepal (1800-45), Norway (1873-97), Netherlands (1815-1916), Portugal (1834-1909), Rumania (1910-39), Russia (1906-16), Spain (1820-72), Sweden (1855-1906), Turkey (1876, 1908-18), United Kingdom (1800-36), Wurttemburg (1819-71), Yugoslavia (1921-28, 193940). These are corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. 3) 35 cases were coded incorrectly for the autocracy scores. Mexico had been assigned an incorrect autocracy of 4 instead of 2 for 1822-33; Guatemala had been misclassified between with 4 instead of 5 in 1963-65; Panama was assigned 7 and should have had 8 for 1988-89; Argentina, which should have had 6 instead of 7 1825-28; and Lesotho, which should have had 7 rather than eight 1973-85. These are corrected in the May 1996 version of the POLITY III data. June 1996 Version: Additionally, a duplicate entry and two ommissions were discovered in June 1996. The year 1876 was entered twice for South Korea (case 7301876), and 1858 for the Orange Free State (case 5641858) and 1922 for Egypt (case 6511922) were missing. The extra South Korea case has been deleted and the missing observations filled in with the appropriate observations. Previous versions of Polity III cited 13,907 as the total number of cases; this is now 13,908 observations.

Data Access

Location:

Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research

Extent of Collection:

1 data file + machine-readable documentation + SPSS export file

Number of Files:

3 files

Citation Requirement:

Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. POLITY III: REGIME CHANGE AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY, 1800-1994 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr [producers], 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1996.

Deposit Requirement:

To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used.

Disclaimer:

The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.

Other Study Description Materials

Related Studies

ICPSR 9263: Gurr, Ted R.; Keith Jaggers and Will H. Moore, 1989. The POLITY II Codebook. University of Colorado at Boulder, Center for Comparative Politics. Available from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Ann Arbor, Mich.

Related Publications

Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, 1995. "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 32, 4 (1995), 469-482.

Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108.

Gurr, Ted Robert, 1974. "Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800-1971." AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW 68 (4), 1482-1504.

File Description

File: POLITY III

  • File Structure: rectangular

  • Number of cases: 13,908

  • No. of variables per record: 14

  • Logical Record Length: 60

  • Records per Case: 1

  • Overall Number of Records: 13,908

  • Type of File: RAW DATA (ASCII)

  • Data Format: LOGICAL RECORD LENGTH (BLANK DELIMITED)

  • Extent of Processing Checks: CHECKS FOR UNDOCUMENTED CODES PERFORMED BY ICPSR

  • Missing Data: MISSING DATA CODES STANDARDIZED BY DATA PRODUCER / PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Variable Description

List of Variables:

Variables

COUNTRY CODE YEAR

Variable Text: [CATEGORY VALUES COMBINE NUMERIC COUNTRY CODES FROM V2 WITH YEAR (V4)]

COUNTRY CODE NUMBER

WESTERN HEMISPHERE

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

002.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

020.

CANADA

040.

CUBA

041.

HAITI

042.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

051.

JAMAICA

052.

TRINIDAD

070.

MEXICO

089.

UNITED PROVINCE OF CENTRAL AMERICA

090.

GUATEMALA

091.

HONDURAS

092.

EL SALVADOR

093.

NICARAGUA

094.

COSTA RICA

095.

PANAMA

099.

GRAN COLOMBIA

100.

COLUMBIA

101.

VENEZUELA

110.

GUYANA

130.

ECUADOR

135.

PERU

140.

BRAZIL

145.

BOLIVIA

150.

PARAGUAY

155.

CHILE

160.

ARGENTINA

165.

URUGUAY

EUROPE

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

200.

UNITED KINGDOM

205.

IRELAND

210.

NETHERLANDS

211.

BELGIUM

212.

LUXEMBOURG

220.

FRANCE

225.

SWITZERLAND

230.

SPAIN

235.

PORTUGAL

245.

BAVARIA

255.

GERMANY / PRUSSIA

260.

(WEST) GERMANY

265.

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

267.

BADEN

269.

SAXONY

271.

WUERTTEMBRUG

290.

POLAND

305.

AUSTRIA

310.

HUNGARY

315.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

316.

CZECH REPUBLIC

317.

SLOVAKIA

324.

SARDINIA

325.

ITALY / SARDINIA

327.

PAPAL STATES

329.

TWO SICILIES

332.

MODENA

335.

PARMA

337.

TUSCANY

339.

ALBANIA

343.

MACEDONIA

344.

CROATIA

345.

YUGOSLAVIA / SERBIA

346.

BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA

349.

SLOVENIA

350.

GREECE

352.

CYPRUS

355.

BULGARIA

359.

MOLDOVA

360.

RUMANIA

365.

RUSSIA (USSR)

366.

ESTONIA

367.

LATVIA

368.

LITHUANIA

369.

UKRAINE

370.

BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA)

371.

ARMENIA

372.

GEORGIA

373.

AZERBAIJAN

375.

FINLAND

380.

SWEDEN

385.

NORWAY

390.

DENMARK

395.

ICELAND

AFRICA

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

404.

GUINEA-BISSAU

420.

GAMBIA

432.

MALI

433.

SENEGAL

434.

BENIN / DAHOMEY

435.

MAURITANIA

436.

NIGER

437.

IVORY COAST

438.

GUINEA

439.

BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA)

450.

LIBERIA

4511.

SIERRA LEONE

452.

GHANA

461.

TOGO

471.

CAMEROUN

475.

NIGERIA

481.

GABON

482.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

483.

CHAD

484.

CONGO

490.

ZAIRE

500.

UGANDA

501.

KENYA

510.

TANZANIA / TANGANYIKA

516.

BURUNDI

517.

RWANDA

520.

SOMALIA

530.

ETHIOPIA

540.

ANGOLA

541.

MOZAMBIQUE

551.

ZAMBIA

522.

ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA)

553.

MALAWI

560.

SOUTH AFRICA

564.

ORANGE FREE STATE

565.

NAMIBIA

570.

LESOTHO

571.

BOTSWANA

572.

SWAZILAND

580.

MADAGASCAR (MALAGASY)

581.

COMOROS

590.

MAURITIUS

MIDDLE EAST

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

600.

MOROCCO

615.

ALGERIA

616.

TUNISIA

620.

LIBYA

625.

SUDAN

630.

IRAN

640.

TURKEY (AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE)

645.

IRAQ

651.

EGYPT

652.

SYRIA

660.

LEBANON

663.

JORDAN

666.

ISRAEL

670.

SAUDI ARABIA

678.

YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

679.

YEMEN

680.

YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

690.

KUWAIT

692.

BAHRAIN

696.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

698.

OMAN

ASIA

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

700.

AFGHANISTAN

701.

TURKMENISTAN

702.

TAJIKISTAN

703.

KYRGYZSTAN

704.

UZBEKISTAN

705.

KAZAKHSTAN

710.

CHINA

712.

MONGOLIA

713.

TAIWAN

730.

KOREA

731.

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

732.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

740.

JAPAN

750.

INDIA

760.

BHUTAN

770.

PAKISTAN

771.

BANGLADESH

775.

MYANMAR (BURMA)

780.

SRI LANKA (CEYLON)

790.

NEPAL

800.

THAILAND

811.

CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA)

812.

LAOS

816.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

817.

REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

820.

MALAYSIA

830.

SINGAPORE

840.

PHILIPPINES

850.

INDONESIA

OCEANIA

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

900.

AUSTRALIA

910.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

920.

NEW ZEALAND

950.

FIJI

COUNTRY NAME

WESTERN HEMISPHERE

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

USA.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CAN.

CANADA

CUB.

CUBA

HAI.

HAITI

DOM.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

JAM.

JAMAICA

TRI.

TRINIDAD

MEX.

MEXICO

UPC.

UNITED PROVINCE OF CENTRAL AMERICA

GUA.

GUATEMALA

HON.

HONDURAS

SAL.

EL SALVADOR

NIC.

NICARAGUA

COS.

COSTA RICA

PAN.

PANAMA

GCL.

GRAN COLOMBIA

COL.

COLUMBIA

VEN.

VENEZUELA

GUY.

GUYANA

ECU.

ECUADOR

PER.

PERU

BRA.

BRAZIL

BOL.

BOLIVIA

PAR.

PARAGUAY

CHL.

CHILE

ARG.

ARGENTINA

URU.

URUGUAY

EUROPE

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

UK.

UNITED KINGDOM

IRE.

IRELAND

NTH.

NETHERLANDS

BEL.

BELGIUM

LCU.

LUXEMBOURG

FRN.

FRANCE

SWZ.

SWITZERLAND

SPN.

SPAIN

[PR.

PORTUGAL

BAV.

BAVARIA

GMY.

GERMANY / PRUSSIA

GFR.

(WEST) GERMANY

GDR.

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

BAD.

BADEN

SAX.

SAXONY

WRT.

WUERTTEMBRUG

POL.

POLAND

AUS.

AUSTRIA

HUN.

HUNGARY

CZE.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

CZR.

CZECH REPUBLIC

SLO.

SLOVAKIA

SAR.

SARDINIA

ITA.

ITALY / SARDINIA

PAP.

PAPAL STATES

SIC.

TWO SICILIES

MOD.

MODENA

PMA.

PARMA

TUS.

TUSCANY

ALB.

ALBANIA

MAC.

MACEDONIA

CRO.

CROATIA

YUG.

YUGOSLAVIA / SERBIA

BOS.

BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA

SLV.

SLOVENIA

GRC.

GREECE

CYP.

CYPRUS

BUL.

BULGARIA

MLD.

MOLDOVA

RUM.

RUMANIA

RUS.

RUSSIA (USSR)

EST.

ESTONIA

LAT.

LATVIA

LIT.

LITHUANIA

UKR.

UKRAINE

BLR.

BELARUS (BYELORUSSIA)

ARM.

ARMENIA

GRG.

GEORGIA

AZE.

AZERBAIJAN

FIN.

FINLAND

SWD.

SWEDEN

NOR.

NORWAY

DEN.

DENMARK

ICE.

ICELAND

AFRICA

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

GNB.

GUINEA-BISSAU

GAM.

GAMBIA

MLI.

MALI

SEN.

SENEGAL

BEN.

BENIN / DAHOMEY

MAA.

MAURITANIA

NIR.

NIGER

IVO.

IVORY COAST

GUI.

GUINEA

BFO.

BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA)

LBR.

LIBERIA

SIE.

SIERRA LEONE

GHA.

GHANA

TOG.

TOGO

CAO.

CAMEROUN

NIG.

NIGERIA

GAB.

GABON

CEN.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CHA.

CHAD

CON.

CONGO

ZAI.

ZAIRE

UGA.

UGANDA

KEN.

KENYA

TAZ.

TANZANIA / TANGANYIKA

BUI.

BURUNDI

RWA.

RWANDA

SOM.

SOMALIA

ETH.

ETHIOPIA

ANG.

ANGOLA

MZM.

MOZAMBIQUE

ZAM.

ZAMBIA

ZIM.

ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA)

MAW.

MALAWI

SAF.

SOUTH AFRICA

OFS.

ORANGE FREE STATE

NAM.

NAMIBIA

LES.

LESOTHO

BOT.

BOTSWANA

SWA.

SWAZILAND

MAG.

MADAGASCAR (MALAGASY)

COM.

COMOROS

MAS.

MAURITIUS

MIDDLE EAST

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

MOR.

MOROCCO

ALG.

ALGERIA

TUN.

TUNISIA

LIB.

LIBYA

SUD.

SUDAN

IRN.

IRAN

TUR.

TURKEY (AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE)

IRQ.

IRAQ

EGY.

EGYPT

SYR.

SYRIA

LEB.

LEBANON

JOR.

JORDAN

ISR.

ISRAEL

SAU.

SAUDI ARABIA

YAR.

YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

YEM.

YEMEN

YPR.

YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

KUW.

KUWAIT

BAH.

BAHRAIN

UAE.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

OMA.

OMAN

ASIA

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

AFG.

AFGHANISTAN

TKM.

TURKMENISTAN

TAJ.

TAJIKISTAN

KYR.

KYRGYZSTAN

UZB.

UZBEKISTAN

KZK.

KAZAKHSTAN

CHN.

CHINA

MON.

MONGOLIA

TAW.

TAIWAN

KOR.

KOREA

PRK.

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

ROK.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

JPN.

JAPAN

IND.

INDIA

BHU.

BHUTAN

PAK.

PAKISTAN

BNG.

BANGLADESH

MYA.

MYANMAR (BURMA)

SRI.

SRI LANKA (CEYLON)

NEP.

NEPAL

THI.

THAILAND

CAM.

CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA)

LAO.

LAOS

DRV.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

RVN.

REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

MAL.

MALAYSIA

SIN.

SINGAPORE

PHI.

PHILIPPINES

INS.

INDONESIA

OCEANIA

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

AUL.

AUSTRALIA

PNG.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

NEW.

NEW ZEALAND

FJI.

FIJI

YEAR

AUTOCRACY SCORE

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

0.

LOW AUTOCRACY

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

HIGH AUTOCRACY

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108. (pp.84-85) and Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, 1995. "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 32, 4 (1995), 469-482.(pp.471-472).

DEMOCRACY SCORE

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

0.

LOW DEMOCRACY

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

HIGH DEMOCRACY

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108. (pp.83-84) and Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr, 1995. "Tracking Democracy's Third Wave With the Polity III Data." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 32, 4 (1995), 469-482. (pp.471-472).

EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT REGULATION

Variable Text: Institutionalized procedures regarding the transfer of executive power

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

UNREGULATED

2.

DESIGNATION / TRANSITIONAL

3.

REGULATED

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108 (p.81).

EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT COMPETITION

Variable Text: Extent to which executives are chosen through competitive elections

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

0.

UNREGULATED

1.

SELECTION

2.

DUAL / TRANSITIONAL

3.

ELECTION

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108 (pp.81-82)

EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT OPENNESS

Variable Text: Opportunity for non-elites to attain executive office

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

0.

UNREGULATED

1.

CLOSED

2.

DUAL / DESIGNATION

3.

DUAL / ELECTION

4.

OPEN

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108 (p.82).

MONOCRATISM

Variable Text: Institutional (de jure) independence of chief executive

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

PURE INDIVIDUAL

2.

INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY

3.

QUALIFIED INDIVIDUAL

4.

INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY

5.

COLLECTIVE EXECUTIVE

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108 (pp.82-83)

EXECUTIVE CONSTRAINTS

Variable Text: Operational (de facto) independence of chief executive

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

UNLIMITED AUTHORITY

2.

INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY

3.

SLIGHT TO MODERATE LIMITATIONS

4.

INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY

5.

SUBSTANTIAL LIMITATIONS

6.

INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY

7.

EXECUTIVE PARITY OR SUBORDINATION

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108 (p.80)

REGULATION OF PARTICIPATION

Variable Text: Development of institutional structures for political expression

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

UNREGULATED

2.

FACTIONAL / TRANSITIONAL

3.

FACTIONAL / RESTRICTED

4.

RESTRICTED

5.

INSTITUTIONALIZED

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108 (pp.78-79)

COMPETITIVENESS OF PARTICIPATION

Variable Text: Extent to which non-elites are able to access institutional structures of political expression

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

0.

UNREGULATED

1.

SUPPRESSED

2.

RESTRICTED / TRANSITIONAL

3.

FACTIONAL

4.

TRANSITIONAL

5.

COMPETITIVE

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wrtime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108 (pp.79-80)

CENTRALIZATION OF STATE AUTHORITY

Variable Text: Geographic concentration of decision-making authority

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

UNITARY

2.

INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY

3.

FEDERAL

-66.

INTERRUPTION

** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with no fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures. ** Short-lived attempts at the creation of ethnic, religious, or regional federations.

-77.

INTERREGNUM

** Collapse of central political authority as a result of internal war. ** Country occupied by foreign powers during wartime with fundamental changes between pre-war and post-war political structures.

-88.

TRANSITION

** Period during which new institutions are planned, legally constituted, and put into effect. Democratic and quasi- democratic polities are particularly likely to be so established, in a procedure involving constitutional conventions and referenda.

-99.

INFORMATION UNKNOWN

Notes: For more information see Gurr, Ted Robert, Keith Jaggers, and Will Moore, 1990. "The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800." STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 25 (1), 73-108 (pp.82-83)